Political Culture and Participation in Russia and Kazakhstan: A New Civic Culture with Contestation?

This article offers a critical examination of various scholarly works that attempt to study political cultures Russia and Kazakhstan in order explain the ways which participatory trends are taking place. The existing literature on these two countries is impressionistic somehow contradictory. Reviewing recent insights into new types participation both offline online, I argue Almond Verba’s (1963) ‘civic culture’ lacks contestation, fourth form culture. Contestation forms protests, central less open more autocratic societies such as Kazakhstan, have strengthened emerging era Web 3.0 globalisation. Drawing from different surveys events, present argues one needs consider contestation along with offered by Verba.